It specify an absolute reference to a cell column and/or row, so that when copying a formula the $ column or row will not change dynamically together.
Examples: =A1, =$A1, =$A$1
$A$1 (absolute column and absolute row)
A$1 (relative column and absolute row)
$A1 (absolute column and relative row)
A1 (relative column and relative row)
absolute cell reference: In a formula, the exact address of a cell, regardless of the position of the cell that contains the formula. An absolute cell reference takes the form $A$1.
relative reference: In a formula, the address of a cell based on the relative position of the cell that contains the formula and the cell referred to. If you copy the formula, the reference automatically adjusts. A relative reference takes the form A1.
See this example: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HP030640481033.aspx?pid=CH010036991033
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